Hanging Upside Down is Fun! The Other Side of The Essay Expert

Hanging Upside Down is Fun! The Other Side of The Essay Expert Here and there the best things to be recognized for are not business related. I was thusly eager to be included in the Escape Adulthood blog. Departure Adulthood is an organization whose strategic to â€Å"annihilate Adultitis†! As much as I am behind the crucial my own organization, I’m excited to be a piece of this great vision to carry delicacy and honest eagerness to the lives of whatever number individuals as could be allowed! I trust you appreciate seeing this opposite side of The Essay Expert. Clue: I gab about being topsy turvy.

The Influence of Polish Cuisine and Traditions in American Society Essay Example

The Influence of Polish Cuisine and Traditions in American Society Essay Poland is arranged in the very heart of Europe. The geometrical essential issue of the entire landmass can be found in the town of Schowola in the east of the nation. Poland is 1,042 years of age. Authoritatively established in 966 when sovereign Mieszko I received Christianity as the official religion, which brought about the new foundation of political bonds with the remainder of the Europe. The number of inhabitants in Poland is around 38 million. The World War II cost for Poland was an amazing 6 million-including 3 million Jews butchered in the Nazi concentration camps. At present, in excess of 98 percent of the individuals are Poles, with little gatherings of Ukrainians, Belorussians, Germans, Slovaks and Lithuanians. Clean customary food, a cooking that was stifled during Communist occasions, is presently making a rebound. Clean Food is assorted and scrumptious. It is made with practically the entirety of the four essential nutritional categories as a top priority, with a bit of something from each in each dish (Veterano, 2008). Clean cooking and eating table manners is an ideal impression of the glow in the Polish character. Having a dinner with ones family isn't only utilization of food it is festivity. Visitors are constantly invited (Grocer, 2006). Morning meals are commonly substantial with vegetables and cold cuts of meat; suppers, much more so. Just dinners are a smidgen lighter, maybe, staying in contact with the all inclusive maxim: After supper rest some time, after dinner walk a mile. The Poles are the first potato eaters and potatoes have been the sweethearts of the Polish kitchens through hundreds of years. Meat is likewise a backbone (cold cuts and hotdogs basically) and is flame broiled pretty much ceremoniously at the nation home, in the nursery, or on the front yard (Zamojska-Hutchins, 1985). We will compose a custom exposition test on The Influence of Polish Cuisine and Traditions in American Society explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on The Influence of Polish Cuisine and Traditions in American Society explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on The Influence of Polish Cuisine and Traditions in American Society explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Poland is a shelter for food buffs. Clean food ranges from the easy to the fascinating, with a dish to suit the most mixed and capricious of taste buds. In Poland, you have staple nourishments, regular food sources just as regional nourishments. Clean food ranges from kielbasa (Polish wiener), to Golabki (stuffed pigeon) and bigos (trackers stew) to stuffed eggs, and from dumpling soup to mushrooms in sharp cream. Meat is a significant element of most Polish food, so the fundamental feast in Poland almost consistently comprises of some sort of meat. Pork is the national meat of Poland and numerous fundamental course dishes will contain it. There are additionally numerous different dishes containing meat and different dishes containing fish. These fish dishes utilize: eel, pike, roost, carp, sturgeon, ocean fish, catfish and numerous others. There are likewise numerous treats like poppy seed cake, crullers, imperial mazurek, a dish a lot of like a cherry pie, saffron babas, and buckwheat and raisin pudding (Veterano, 2008). Dring the Late Middle Ages, the food of Poland was extremely overwhelming and zesty. The two primary fixings were meat and grain. As the domain of Poland was thickly forested, utilization of mushrooms, woodland organic products, nuts and nectar was likewise far reaching. Because of close exchange relations with Asia, the cost of flavors was a lot of lower than in the remainder of Europe, and zesty sauces got mainstream. With the rising of the Italian sovereign Bona Sforza, in 1518, innumerable cooks were brought to Poland from Italy and France. In the event that in France one can't check all the sorts of cheddar, in Poland the equivalent applies to frankfurters and cold cuts. Clean food is a blend of Slavic culinary which is wealthy in chicken, pork, and various kinds of noodles (Grocer, 2006). The primary supper is eaten about 2pm, and is normally made out of three courses, beginning with a soup, followed a tidbit, at that point the fundamental course which is generally meat (Zamojska-Hutchins, 1985). Until the Partitions, Poland was perhaps the biggest nation on the planet, incorporating numerous areas with their own, particular culinary customs. Among the most persuasive in that period were Lithuanian, Jewish, German and Hungarian cooking. With the resulting decay of Poland, and the grain creation emergency that followed The Deluge, potatoes started to supplant the customary utilization of oat. Additionally, in view of various wars with the Ottoman Empire, espresso got famous. Under the segments, the cooking of Poland turned out to be vigorously affected by foods of the encompassing realms. This included Russian and German cooking styles, yet in addition the culinary customs of most countries of the Austro-Hungarian realm. In the Russian-involved piece of the nation, tea dislodged the then-well known espresso. Under German impact the custom of making white wieners was received in Greater Poland. Maybe the most compelling was the culinary convention of global realm of Austria-Hungary, which prompted advancement of a Central European cooking in Galicia (Veterano, 2008). After the finish of World War II, Poland fell under Communist occupation. Cafés were from the outset nationalized and afterward generally shut somewhere around the specialists. Rather, the socialists imagined a net of break rooms for the laborers at different organizations, and milk bars. The not very many cafés that endure the 1940s and 1950s were state-claimed and were generally inaccessible to average folks because of significant expenses (Grocer 2006). The lounges advanced for the most part modest suppers, remembering for soups of various sorts and noodles, for example, pierogi. A commonplace second course comprised of a type of a ground meat cutlet presented with potatoes. With time, the lack economy prompted incessant deficiencies of meat, eggs, espresso, tea and other essential elements of day by day use. Numerous items like chocolate, sugar, meat were apportioned, with a particular breaking point contingent upon social class and wellbeing prerequisites. Physical laborers and pregnant ladies were commonly qualified for more food items. Imports were limited, such a large amount of food gracefully was residential. Hence no tropical organic products (citrus, banana, pineapple and so forth ) were accessible and foods grown from the ground vere for the most part regular: happening just in the late spring. For a large portion of the year the Poles needed to live by with just residential winter foods grown from the ground: apples, onions, potatoes, cabbage, root vegetables. This circumstance drove thusly to steady supplanting of conventional Polish cooking with food arranged of whatever was accessible right now (Kapowski, 1998). Among the mainstream dishes presented by the open cafés was an egg cutlet, a kind of a cheeseburger made of minced or moment egg and flour. The conventional plans were for the most part saved during the Wigilia feast (Christmas Eve), for which most families attempted to get ready 12 customary courses. With the finish of socialism in Poland in 1989, cafés began to be opened by and by and fundamental staples were by and by effectively realistic. This prompted a continuous return of conventional Polish cooking, both in regular day to day existence and in cafés. Likewise, cafés and general stores advance the utilization of fixings common to different cooking styles of the world. Among the most eminent of fixings that began to be regularly utilized in Poland were cucurbit, zucchini and a wide range of fish. During socialist occasions, these were accessible for the most part in the coastline districts. Simultaneously, cheap food is developing increasingly more well known in Poland. Aside from McDonalds and KFC, Pizza Hut is exceptionally mainstream, just as many Polish pizza chains. Pizza in Poland is portrayed by the Polish propensity for utilizing ketchup on the pizza, instead of sauce. There are some little scope, snappy help eateries which normally serve things, for example, zapiekanka (roll with cheddar, now and then meat as well as catch mushroom and ketchup), kebap, burgers, wieners and kielbasa (Kapowski, 1998). Bruderszaft is a friendly toast, a fixing of comradeship and declining it tends to be viewed as an affront. Connections become increasingly cheerful after this function and individuals graduate to utilizing first name of one another. Bruderszaft is two individuals raising toasts all the while with arms interlocked and bringing down their beverages together. The last part is a trade of kisses and a â€Å"Call me Marek,† †â€Å"Call me John† (Nikkhah 2007). There are various sorts of Polish food. First there are a wide range of sorts of soups. Chlodnik is a virus soup made of soured milk, youthful beet leaves, beets, cucumbers and hacked new dill. At that point there are a wide range of sorts of primary dishes. Bigos is a stew of sauerkraut and meat, like the French choucroute, however for the most part less acidic and including unfermented cabbage. Nalesniki is creps which are either collapsed in to triangles or rolled in to a cylinder common servings incorporate sweet white cheddar with sugar and acrid cream, different natural products bested with bita smietana (whipped cream) or with nibble bialka (whipped egg whites). The most mainstream noodle dish is called Pierogi. Pierogis resemble the Chinese dumpling and are normally seared. They can be loaded down with cheddar, potato, sauerkraut, blueberries or different organic products. You can finish them off with acrid cream or sugar. Another generally realized dish is Kielbasa. Kielbasa is a Polish wiener that is normally bubbled. You can eat it with mustard, ketchup or grill sauce. Kielbasa additionally alludes to a garlic seasoned smoked frankfurter, produced using pork or meat and pork. Kielbasa normally is sold precooked in medium rings around 18 inches in length and an inch and a half thick. Clean cooking likewise contains numerous sweet pastries. Paczek takes after a jam doughnut. It is loaded up with rose jelly or other organic product additives. Kutia is the regular Chris

Social Justice Topics List - Make Traffic Spikes And Enhance Your Search Engine Rankings

Social Justice Topics List - Make Traffic Spikes And Enhance Your Search Engine RankingsIf you're looking for a good way to improve your blog, look no further than a social justice topics list. A good list can help you create more traffic and lead to better search engine results, as well as help to grow your blog in a way that will continue to bring you a steady stream of new visitors.Blogs are not like normal blogs. While a blog has the ability to attract visitors to its site, it's up to you to make sure that your blog is a place where they can find and read quality information that will help them get their business online. A social justice topics list can help you do just that.If you've ever been on a forum or chat room you've probably seen a social justice topics list. A list like this, also called a 'topics' list, is an organized list of the most important and interesting topics on the web. In fact, if you want to create a list like this you simply need to write a list of the mos t interesting topics and the most important issues facing the world today. Then you simply add them to the list and let the blog community decide which ones they want to see featured.If you want to make a really nice list, you can simply go out and join groups on the subject that you are interested in. Find a group or forum that is related to your topic and start participating. You might even want to add some posts of your own. There are people out there who would be happy to post an article or two that you have written and will be interested in linking back to your site or blog.An excellent method for using a topics list is to give it to your audience. You can create a follow up blog post with links to your list. You can send out a newsletter to people who subscribe to your blog or newsletter, if you use an RSS feed, and ask them to leave a comment or review when they get the chance.If you really want to entice people to visit your site, why not offer them a free report that highli ghts their favorite things about your subject. The report may contain photos, videos, or even links to other sites that will give them additional information and exposure on the topic.And, don't forget to use your list in other ways such as posting to your blog or in the comments at social media websites, including Facebook, Twitter, and more. By doing this you can make a wonderful network of contacts that can help you get the word out about what you're doing.Using a topics list for different uses is a great way to enhance the overall effectiveness of your blog. Just remember to remember that your readers are looking for high quality information and aren't really looking for a sales pitch. Instead, get them hooked by focusing on interesting topics or offering them something of value for their time.

Reed v. Reed Striking Down Sex Discrimination

In 1971, Reed v. Reed became the first U.S. Supreme Court case to declare sex discrimination a violation of the 14th Amendment. In Reed v. Reed, the Court held that an Idaho laws unequal treatment of men and women based on sex when selecting administrators of estates was a violation of the Constitutions Equal Protection Clause. Also known as:  REED V. REED, 404 U.S. 71 (1971) Fast Facts: Reed v. Reed Case Argued:  October 19, 1971Decision Issued:  November 22, 1971Petitioner:  Sally Reed (appellant)Respondent:  Cecil Reed (appellee)Key Questions: Did the Idaho Probate Code violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by refusing to let Sally Reed be named administrator of her son’s estate based solely on gender?Unanimous Decision:  Justices Burger, Douglas, Brennan, Stewart, White, Marshall, and BlackmonRuling:  The Idaho Probate Code specifying that males must be preferred to females in appointing administrators of estates was found to be in violation of the 14th Fourteenth Amendment and declared unconstitutional. The Idaho Law Reed v. Reed examined Idaho probate law, which deals with the  administration of an estate after a persons death. The Idaho statutes automatically gave mandatory preference to males over females when there were two competing relatives to administer a deceased persons estate. Idaho Code Section 15-312 listed the classes of persons entitled to administer the estate of one who dies intestate. In order of preference, they were 1. Surviving spouse 2. Children 3. The father or mother 4. The brothers 5. The sisters 6. The grandchildren†¦and so on through next of kin and other legally competent persons.Idaho Code Section 15-314 stated that if there were several persons equally entitled under section 15-312 to administer the estate, such as two persons in category 3 (the father or the mother), then males must be preferred to females, and relatives of the whole to those of the half blood. The Legal Issue Did the Idaho probate law violate the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment? The Reeds were a married couple who had separated. Their adopted son died of suicide without a will, and an estate of less than $1000.  Both Sally Reed (mother) and Cecil Reed (father) filed petitions seeking appointment as administrator of the sons estate. The law gave preference to Cecil, based on the controlling Idaho statutes that said males must be preferred. The language of the state code was that males must be preferred to females. The case was appealed all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Result In the Reed v. Reed opinion, Chief Justice Warren Burger wrote that the Idaho Code cannot stand in the face of the 14th Amendments command that no State deny the equal protection of the laws to any person within its jurisdiction.  The decision was without dissent.Reed v. Reed was an important case for feminism because it recognized sex discrimination as a violation of the Constitution. Reed v. Reed became the basis of many more decisions that protected men and women from gender discrimination. Idahos mandatory provision preferring males to females reduced the probate court workload by eliminating the need to hold a hearing to determine who was better qualified to administer an estate. The Supreme Court concluded that the Idaho law did not achieve the states objective - the objective of reducing the probate court workload - in a manner consistent with the command of the Equal Protection Clause. The dissimilar treatment based on sex for persons in the same class of section 15-312 (in this case, mothers and fathers) was unconstitutional. Feminists working for the Equal Rights Amendment(ERA) noted that it took more than a century for the Court to recognize that the 14th Amendment protected womens rights. Fourteenth Amendment The 14th Amendment, providing for equal protection under laws, has been interpreted to mean that people in similar conditions must be treated equally.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges†¦of citizens of the United States†¦nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.†Ã‚  It was adopted in 1868, and the  Reed v. Reed  case was the first time the Supreme Court applied it to women as a group. More Background Richard Reed, then 19 years old, committed suicide using his fathers rifle in March of 1967.  Richard was the adopted son of Sally Reed and Cecil Reed, who had separated.  Sally Reed had custody of Richard in his early years, and then Cecil had custody of Richard as a teenager, against the wishes of Sally Reed.  Both Sally Reed and Cecil Reed sued for the right to be the administrator of Richards estate, which had a value of less than $1000.  The Probate Court appointed Cecil as administrator, based on Section 15-314 of Idahos code specifying that males must be preferred to females,  and the court did not consider the issue of capabilities of each parent. Other Discrimination Not at Issue Idaho Code section 15-312 also gave preference to brothers over sisters, even listing them in two separate classes (see numbers 4 and 5 of section 312). Reed v. Reed explained in a footnote that this part of the statute was not at issue because it did not affect Sally and Cecil Reed. Since the parties had not challenged it, the Supreme Court did not rule on it in this case. Therefore, Reed v. Reed struck down the dissimilar treatment of women and men who were in the same group under section 15-312, mothers and fathers, but did not go so far as to strike down the preference of brothers as a group above sisters. A Notable Attorney One of the lawyers for appellant Sally Reed was Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who later became the second female justice on the Supreme Court.  She called it a turning point case. The other chief lawyer for the appellant was Allen R. Derr.  Derr was the son of Hattie Derr, Idahos first female state Senator (1937). Justices The sitting Supreme Court Justices, who found without dissent for the appellant, were  Ã‚  Hugo L. Black, Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan Jr., Warren E. Burger (who wrote the Courts decision), William O. Douglas, John Marshall Harlan II, Thurgood Marshall, Potter Stewart, Byron R. White.

Biography of John Donne Essay - 3729 Words

Biography of John Donne John Donne was an English poet and probably the greatest metaphysical poets of all time. He was born in 1572 to a Roman Catholic family in London. His father died when John was young leaving his mother Elisabeth to raise him and his siblings. Throughout Donne’s life his experiences with religion were full of trials and tribulations, something that can be clearly seen in his poetry over time. He remained Catholic early in life while he attended both Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Interestingly enough he never received a degree at either university because doing so would have required him to take the Oath of Supremacy, a doctrine that was the core of the Anglican religion recognizing the King as head of the†¦show more content†¦This helped the financial situation significantly and Donne also worked as a lawyer and continued to write, penning the Divine Poems in 1607. During this time in his life Donne displayed a strong knowledge of the Anglican faith, and penned a few anti-Catholic poems, gaining him the respect of King James who encouraged him to become ordained. This position would drastically help his family’s financial status as his family had grown significantly. Done eventually accepted the position reluctantly. In 1617 Anne died giving birth to her twelfth child, who was stillborn. Stricken with grief, Donne was prompted to write the Holy Sonnets that conveyed the love shared both physically and spiritually between Anne and himself. Donne never remarried, and raised his seven remaining children on his own. He became very prominent throughout London for his unique style of preaching, which many were very attracted to and found mesmerizing. In fact, many of his sermons went on to be published (Ross 1). In 1621 Donne became dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral. However, it seemed his last ten years of life were plagued with an obsession of death. He suffered great illness and as he knew that his time of death grew nearer, much of his preaching and writing conveyed his fear of death, until Donne passed away in 1631 (Menon 1). Donne’s literary works enjoyed great popularity and received great admiration during his lifetime and for a good generation after his death. His reputation as aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of A Valediction Forbidding Mourning 1108 Words   |  5 PagesA Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne employs conceit, symbolism, and tone to poetically paint a picture of the true love that exist between a man and his wife. John Donne was born on January22, 1572 to a Catholic family in England. (John Donne Biography) In his twenties Donne spent a lot of money on women, books and traveling. ( John Donne Biography) In 1601 Donne became a member of Parliament and married Anne More. 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The road to polyamory Free Essays

string(71) " marriage has become a reality\? Surely the ACLU will lead the charge\." Will same-sex matrimony extend marriage’s stabilizing effects to homosexuals? Will gay marriage undermine family life? A lot is riding on the answers to these questions. But the media’s reflexive labeling of doubts about gay marriage as homophobia has made it almost impossible to debate the social effects of this reform. Now with the Supreme Court’s ringing affirmation of sexual liberty in Lawrence v. We will write a custom essay sample on The road to polyamory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Texas, that debate is unavoidable. Among the likeliest effects of gay marriage is to take us down a slippery slope to legalized polygamy and â€Å"polyamory† (group marriage). Marriage will be transformed into a variety of relationship contracts, linking two, three, or more individuals (however weakly and temporarily) in every conceivable combination of male and female. A scare scenario? Hardly. The bottom of this slope is visible from where we stand. Advocacy of legalized polygamy is growing. A network of grass-roots organizations seeking legal recognition for group marriage already exists. The cause of legalized group marriage is championed by a powerful faction of family law specialists. Influential legal bodies in both the United States and Canada have presented radical programs of marital reform. Some of these quasi-governmental proposals go so far as to suggest the abolition of marriage. The ideas behind this movement have already achieved surprising influence with a prominent American politician. None of this is well known. Both the media and public spokesmen for the gay marriage movement treat the issue as an unproblematic advance for civil rights. True, a small number of relatively conservative gay spokesmen do consider the social effects of gay matrimony, insisting that they will be beneficent, that homosexual unions will become more stable. Yet another faction of gay rights advocates actually favors gay marriage as a step toward the abolition of marriage itself. This group agrees that there is a slippery slope, and wants to hasten the slide down. To consider what comes after gay marriage is not to say that gay marriage itself poses no danger to the institution of marriage. Quite apart from the likelihood that it will usher in legalized polygamy and polyamory, gay marriage will almost certainly weaken the belief that monogamy lies at the heart of marriage. But to see why this is so, we will first need to reconnoiter the slippery slope. Promoting polygamy DURING THE 1996 congressional debate on the Defense of Marriage Act, which affirmed the ability of the states and the federal government to withhold recognition from same-sex marriages, gay marriage advocates were put on the defensive by the polygamy question. If gays had a right to marry, why not polygamists? Andrew Sullivan, one of gay marriage’s most intelligent defenders, labeled the question fear-mongering–akin to the discredited belief that interracial marriage would lead to birth defects. â€Å"To the best of my knowledge,† said Sullivan, â€Å"there is no polygamists’ rights organization poised to exploit same-sex marriage and return the republic to polygamous abandon. † Actually, there are now many such organizations. And their strategy–even their existence–owes much to the movement for gay marriage. Scoffing at the polygamy prospect as ludicrous has been the strategy of choice for gay marriage advocates. In 2000, following Vermont’s enactment of civil unions, Matt Coles, director of the American Civil Liberties Union’s Lesbian and Gay Rights Project, said, â€Å"I think the idea that there is some kind of slippery slope [to polygamy or group marriage] is silly. † As proof, Coles said that America had legalized interracial marriage, while also forcing Utah to ban polygamy before admission to the union. That dichotomy, said Coles, shows that Americans are capable of distinguishing between better and worse proposals for reforming marriage. Are we? When Tom Green was put on trial in Utah for polygamy in 2001, it played like a dress rehearsal for the coming movement to legalize polygamy. True, Green was convicted for violating what he called Utah’s â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell† policy on polygamy. Pointedly refusing to â€Å"hide in the closet,† he touted polygamy on the Sally Jessy Raphael, Queen Latifah, Geraldo Rivera, and Jerry Springer shows, and on â€Å"Dateline NBC† and â€Å"48 Hours. † But the Green trial was not just a cable spectacle. It brought out a surprising number of mainstream defenses of polygamy. And most of the defenders went to bat for polygamy by drawing direct comparisons to gay marriage. Writing in the Village Voice, gay leftist Richard Goldstein equated the drive for state-sanctioned polygamy with the movement for gay marriage. The political reluctance of gays to embrace polygamists was understandable, said Goldstein, â€Å"but our fates are entwined in fundamental ways. â€Å" Libertarian Jacob Sullum defended polygamy, along with all other consensual domestic arrangements, in the Washington Times. Syndicated liberal columnist Ellen Goodman took up the cause of polygamy with a direct comparison to gay marriage. Steve Chapman, a member of the Chicago Tribune editorial board, defended polygamy in the Tribune and in Slate. The New York Times published a Week in Review article juxtaposing photos of Tom Green’s family with sociobiological arguments about the naturalness of polygamy and promiscuity. The ACLU’s Matt Coles may have derided the idea of a slippery slope from gay marriage to polygamy, but the ACLU itself stepped in to help Tom Green during his trial and declared its support for the repeal of all â€Å"laws prohibiting or penalizing the practice of plural marriage. † There is of course a difference between repealing such laws and formal state recognition of polygamous marriages. Neither the ACLU nor, say, Ellen Goodman has directly advocated formal state recognition. Yet they give us no reason to suppose that, when the time is ripe, they will not do so. Stephen Clark, the legal director of the Utah ACLU, has said, â€Å"Talking to Utah’s polygamists is like talking to gays and lesbians who really want the right to live their lives. † All this was in 2001, well before the prospect that legal gay marriage might create the cultural conditions for state-sanctioned polygamy. Can anyone doubt that greater public support will be forthcoming once gay marriage has become a reality? Surely the ACLU will lead the charge. You read "The road to polyamory" in category "Papers" Why is state-sanctioned polygamy a problem? The deep reason is that it erodes the ethos of monogamous marriage. Despite the divorce revolution, Americans still take it for granted that marriage means monogamy. The ideal of fidelity may be breached in practice, yet adultery is clearly understood as a transgression against marriage. Legal polygamy would jeopardize that understanding, and that is why polygamy has historically been treated in the West as an offense against society itself. In most non-Western cultures, marriage is not a union of freely choosing individuals, but an alliance of family groups. The emotional relationship between husband and wife is attenuated and subordinated to the economic and political interests of extended kin. But in our world of freely choosing individuals, extended families fall away, and love and companionship are the only surviving principles on which families can be built. From Thomas Aquinas through Richard Posner, almost every serious observer has granted the incompatibility between polygamy and Western companionate marriage. Where polygamy works, it does so because the husband and his wives are emotionally distant. Even then, jealousy is a constant danger, averted only by strict rules of seniority or parity in the husband’s economic support of his wives. Polygamy is more about those resources than about sex. Yet in many polygamous societies, even though only 10 or 15 percent of men may actually have multiple wives, there is a widely held belief that men need multiple women. The result is that polygamists are often promiscuous–just not with their own wives. Anthropologist Philip Kilbride reports a Nigerian survey in which, among urban male polygamists, 44 percent said their most recent sexual partners were women other than their wives. For monogamous, married Nigerian men in urban areas, that figure rose to 67 percent. Even though polygamous marriage is less about sex than security, societies that permit polygamy tend to reject the idea of marital fidelity–for everyone, polygamists included. Mormon polygamy has always been a complicated and evolving combination of Western mores and classic polygamous patterns. Like Western companionate marriage, Mormon polygamy condemns extramarital sex. Yet historically, like its non-Western counterparts, it de-emphasized romantic love. Even so, jealousy was always a problem. One study puts the rate of 19th-century polygamous divorce at triple the rate for monogamous families. Unlike their forebears, contemporary Mormon polygamists try to combine polygamy with companionate marriage–and have a very tough time of it. We have no definitive figures, but divorce is frequent. Irwin Altman and Joseph Ginat, who’ve written the most detailed account of today’s breakaway Mormon polygamist sects, highlight the special stresses put on families trying to combine modern notions of romantic love with polygamy. Strict religious rules of parity among wives make the effort to create a hybrid traditionalist/modern version of Mormon polygamy at least plausible, if very stressful. But polygamy let loose in modern secular America would destroy our understanding of marital fidelity, while putting nothing viable in its place. And postmodern polygamy is a lot closer than you think. Polyamory AMERICA’S NEW, souped-up version of polygamy is called â€Å"polyamory. † Polyamorists trace their descent from the anti-monogamy movements of the sixties and seventies–everything from hippie communes, to the support groups that grew up around Robert Rimmer’s 1966 novel â€Å"The Harrad Experiment,† to the cult of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh. Polyamorists proselytize for â€Å"responsible non-monogamy†Ã¢â‚¬â€œopen, loving, and stable sexual relationships among more than two people. The modern polyamory movement took off in the mid-nineties–partly because of the growth of the Internet (with its confidentiality), but also in parallel to, and inspired by, the rising gay marriage movement. Unlike classic polygamy, which features one man and several women, polyamory comprises a bewildering variety of sexual combinations. There are triads of one woman and two men; heterosexual group marriages; groups in which some or all members are bisexual; lesbian groups, and so forth. (For details, see Deborah Anapol’s â€Å"Polyamory: The New Love Without Limits,† one of the movement’s authoritative guides, or Google the word polyamory. ) Supposedly, polyamory is not a synonym for promiscuity. In practice, though, there is a continuum between polyamory and â€Å"swinging. † Swinging couples dally with multiple sexual partners while intentionally avoiding emotional entanglements. Polyamorists, in contrast, try to establish stable emotional ties among a sexually connected group. Although the subcultures of swinging and polyamory are recognizably different, many individuals move freely between them. And since polyamorous group marriages can be sexually closed or open, it’s often tough to draw a line between polyamory and swinging. Here, then, is the modern American version of Nigeria’s extramarital polygamous promiscuity. Once the principles of monogamous companionate marriage are breached, even for supposedly stable and committed sexual groups, the slide toward full-fledged promiscuity is difficult to halt. Polyamorists are enthusiastic proponents of same-sex marriage. Obviously, any attempt to restrict marriage to a single man and woman would prevent the legalization of polyamory. After passage of the Defense of Marriage Act in 1996, an article appeared in Loving More, the flagship magazine of the polyamory movement, calling for the creation of a polyamorist rights movement modeled on the movement for gay rights. The piece was published under the pen name Joy Singer, identified as the graduate of a â€Å"top ten law school† and a political organizer and public official in California for the previous two decades. Taking a leaf from the gay marriage movement, Singer suggested starting small. A campaign for hospital visitation rights for polyamorous spouses would be the way to begin. Full marriage and adoption rights would come later. Again using the gay marriage movement as a model, Singer called for careful selection of acceptable public spokesmen (i. e. , people from longstanding poly families with children). Singer even published a speech by Iowa state legislator Ed Fallon on behalf of gay marriage, arguing that the goal would be to get a congressman to give exactly the same speech as Fallon, but substituting the word â€Å"poly† for â€Å"gay† throughout. Try telling polyamorists that the link between gay marriage and group marriage is a mirage. The flexible, egalitarian, and altogether postmodern polyamorists are more likely to influence the larger society than Mormon polygamists. The polyamorists go after monogamy in a way that resonates with America’s secular, post-sixties culture. Yet the fundamental drawback is the same for Mormons and polyamorists alike. Polyamory websites are filled with chatter about jealousy, the problem that will not go away. Inevitably, group marriages based on modern principles of companionate love, without religious rules and restraints, are unstable. Like the short-lived hippie communes, group marriages will be broken on the contradiction between companionate love and group solidarity. And children will pay the price. The harms of state-sanctioned polyamorous marriage would extend well beyond the polyamorists themselves. Once monogamy is defined out of marriage, it will be next to impossible to educate a new generation in what it takes to keep companionate marriage intact. State-sanctioned polyamory would spell the effective end of marriage. And that is precisely what polyamory’s new–and surprisingly influential–defenders are aiming for. The family law radicals STATE-SANCTIONED polyamory is now the cutting-edge issue among scholars of family law. The preeminent school of thought in academic family law has its origins in the arguments of radical gay activists who once opposed same-sex marriage. In the early nineties, radicals like longtime National Gay and Lesbian Task Force policy director Paula Ettelbrick spoke out against making legal marriage a priority for the gay rights movement. Marriage, Ettelbrick reminded her fellow activists, â€Å"has long been the focus of radical feminist revulsion. † Encouraging gays to marry, said Ettelbrick, would only force gay â€Å"assimilation† to American norms, when the real object of the gay rights movement ought to be getting Americans to accept gay difference. â€Å"Being queer,† said Ettelbrick, â€Å"means pushing the parameters of sex and family, and in the process transforming the very fabric of society. † Promoting polyamory is the ideal way to â€Å"radically reorder society’s view of the family,† and Ettelbrick, who has since formally signed on as a supporter of gay marriage (and is frequently quoted by the press), is now part of a movement that hopes to use gay marriage as an opening to press for state-sanctioned polyamory. Ettelbrick teaches law at the University of Michigan, New York University, Barnard, and Columbia. She has a lot of company. How to cite The road to polyamory, Papers

Schopenhauer Essays - Philosophy, Kantianism, Idealists, Metaphysics

Schopenhauer Schopenhauer sought to understand and describe the world and the things of the world. Building off of the ideas of Plato, Descartes, and Kant, however doing away with the aspect of dualism in their theories, he developed the concept of Will and Representation. The world as Will according to Schopenhauer is all that exists for knowledge, only object in relation to subject, perception of a perceiver, in a word, idea. Everything in the world is a representation and everything one sees is a representation in ones mind. That which forces the Representation into being is the Will. In Schopenhauers doctrine of the thing-in-itself, or the Will, he proposes that experience is made up of subject and object. There is no object, (time and space, cause), without a subject (that which knows) and no subject without an object. In fact, to be an object for the subject and to be Representation are one in the same. Of these, the subject can never be known and knows everything that is knowable. Objects on the other hand are constructed by the activity of the intellect working upon sensations or bodily affections. Objects are constructed by the minds own activity out of sensations and at the same time are the result of natural and unknown forces. In our cognitive experience we never touch the real; things-in-themselves are not to be known on any terms by any intelligence. But in inner experience, in the consciousness of internal states we do come across something that is more than phenomenal; this is the will. The will has both an inner and an outer side, inner for immediate consciousness and outer for intelligence. The inner is the act of willing and the outer is bodily motion. These two are not different; they only appear in different ways. Will is the real thing, or thing-in-itself, its manifestations phenomena. Thus at the root of existence in all its varied forms there is Will supporting them, manifesting itself in them. Will is not phenomenal, not given in Representation, not in time or space, not individualized, and not subject to the law of casualty. The Will in itself lies beyond the sphere of space, time and casualty, because these are subjective forms which spring into being only when a brain has been evolved. It c an have no individuality, no distinction or difference, no end towards which it works. Similar to Kants noumena, will is a blind, incessant impulse, a thing in itself, that which exits independently of our own perceptions. It is an inner, consciousness of our own existence, our feelings and desires; Will is reality. In my reading of the article Schopenhauers Philosophy by Robert Adamson and Schopenhauers The World as Representation, some questions come to mind pertaining to how the Will comes to assume its definite forms. No proposition is more insisted on by Schopenhauer than that the production of any effect requires the concurrence of a primitive force and some occasioning cause which directs the force. Adamson raises the question that if the will must be acted upon by some cause before it could take definite form, where does this cause come from? The will is the all; there is nothing outside of it to determine its action in any direction. I agree with Adamson in saying the will has in itself no power of development to any definite result, and the Ideas or stages are nothing but the scholastic substantial forms, abstracted from individuals and given an identity. Philosophy